SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  netting_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    297, 366, 401, 382, 276, 290, 335, 361, 
    392, 434, 419, 369, 416, 378, 274, 451, 
    331, 347, 444, 373, 376, 304, 275, 310, 
    447, 383, 265, 282, 381, 400, 384, 334, 
    441, 333, 466
  ) 
  AND category_id != 264

Query time 0.00057

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "nested_loop": [
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "netting_categories",
          "access_type": "ALL",
          "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "parent", "p_category_id"],
          "rows": 180,
          "filtered": 62.77777863,
          "attached_condition": "netting_categories.parent_id in (297,366,401,382,276,290,335,361,392,434,419,369,416,378,274,451,331,347,444,373,376,304,275,310,447,383,265,282,381,400,384,334,441,333,466) and netting_categories.category_id <> 264"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}