SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  netting_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296) 
  AND category_id != 264

Query time 0.00026

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "nested_loop": [
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "netting_categories",
          "access_type": "range",
          "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "parent", "p_category_id"],
          "key": "parent",
          "key_length": "3",
          "used_key_parts": ["parent_id"],
          "rows": 6,
          "filtered": 100,
          "index_condition": "netting_categories.parent_id in (291,292,293,294,295,296)",
          "attached_condition": "netting_categories.category_id <> 264"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}